The Effects Of Music Therapy On Dementia Patients With...

In this qualitative randomized clinical study, Vink, Zuidersma, Boersma, de Jonge, Zuidema, and Slaets (2013) illustrate the effects of music therapy on dementia patients with general recreational daily activities. Subjects have chosen dementia patients for this study (n = 94) and they classified into two groups in which one group was specific for music therapy (n = 47), another group allocated from recreational activities (n = 34). Some of the subjects are excluded from the study because subject data was missing and therefore, deceased. Data was collected and analyzed from 77 subjects. In this randomized clinical study, intensity of music and type (folk or classical with specific musical parameters) has not changed in the study,†¦show more content†¦This purpose is relevant to nursing since nurses are a part of the patients’ lives every day. They can help the patient maintain quality of life. Researchers argued that out of 77 dementia patients, 43 gave randomized music therapy and 34 undergone general activities. They finally concluded that greater reduction in agitated behavior during music therapy from one-hour session to 4-hour intervention session compared to general activities group. It has clearly observed that this decrease between two groups are not statistically significant (A. C. Vink et al., 2013, p. 1031). Literature Review A comprehensive literature review with sufficient depth and breadth was included in this quantitative study. A variety of previous researchers has provided evidence for the long-term effects of the music therapy on dementia patients and on their general recreational effects. According to Raglio et al 2010, it has illustrated that music therapist potentially implements musical parameters such as tempo, mode for activating social interaction, and well-being in older dementia patients finally described that physiological catecholamines, cytokines have profound effect on autonomous nervous system when stimulated by music. Casby et al 1994 have described that musical invention causes changes in the agitated behaviors in older dementia patients. Previous literature has profoundly described about the long term effects and physiological effects with

Speech Is A Double Edged Sword Essay - 2045 Words

For years growing up a common nursey rhyme was taught to children when dealing with bullies or feelings of self-doubt; â€Å"Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me†. This mantra has been passed down from generation to generation to show how to rise above those who may try to limit others through negative speech, it’s given the empowerment to overcome the aggressor, but also given the illusion that â€Å"words† are not damaging. Speech is one of the most powerful tools a human can hold, with it our limitations are endless. From comedy to inspiration, the words we use are able to send messages to one another to either help us or lead us in the right direction, however speech is a double edged sword. Mockery, manipulation, neglect, exploitation, cruelty and mistreatment muddle the waters of what can be said to one another. Words are able to hurt, they are able to bruise, and they are able to leave scars on us, that while not visible, are deeply rooted within us. In today’s modern society we have placed emphasis on dispelling physical abuse, marital or spousal abuse and sexual abuse, but what about verbal abuse? Where do we draw the line between a two people getting in a communicative battle and words becoming their weapon of choice. Words hold a fundamental property and weight to them, they are our basis for interactions and connections, with every person who holds the ability to speak they also hold the capacity to change whatever environment they are in asShow MoreRelatedEthics Of Electronic Search And Seizure Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesAmendment of the U.S. constitution is violated by the amendment to rule 41 which would eliminate the â€Å"Reasonable Expectation of Privacy† of citizens. Additionally, the amendment to rule 41 of the federal rules of criminal procedure can act as a double edged sword, since personal information can leak out to the public. Finally, the amendment to rule 41 lacks a clearly defined mitigant to warrantless remote search and seizure of computer data, which allows for any computer to be remotely searched (hacked)Read MoreThings are not always what them seem1168 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ENG3U Macbeth essay Things are not always what them seem People always like to trust their intuition. When people see others for the first time, they immediately like or dislike them based on their look or their speech, even their clothing. They use intuition to ensure a person, but actually a good-looking man will be a bad guy. William Shakespeare wrote Macbeth. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. It talks about the kingdom, the prophecy and blood. In MacbethRead MorePolice and Law Enforcement Essay example604 Words   |  3 Pages* Future directions of crime fighting and its role in social policy implication * â€Å"Technology is a double-edged sword: it arms evildoers with potent new weapons of crime commission, yet is provides police agencies and criminal justice personnel with powerful tools useful in the battle against crime,† (Criminology Today, Frank Schmalleger, pp. 385). Criminology will always be linked to technology, even if that technology is seen as primitive or groundbreaking. Earlier forms of technology usedRead MoreMartin Luther King and Malcom X: Construing the Courageous668 Words   |  3 Pagesexhibiting courageous actions. Through Martin Luther King Jr.’ speech, I’ve Been to the Mountain Top and Malcom X’s By any Means Necessary, we observe the steps that each of these Black Activist Leaders took in order to grasp the attention of African-Americans all while achieving results in moving the Black community upward toward equality. Martin Luther King Jr. showed courage when no one else showed courage – in patience. In his speech I’ve Been to the Mountaintop, he delivers his message in a preacher’sRead MoreJulius Caesar, A Roman General, Dictator, And Leader797 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful military campaigns in which he became one Rome’s best generals due to the amount of successful battles he had won and the amount of blood he had shed for Rome’s expansion. However, Caesar’s trait of ambitiousness would prove to be a double edged sword. Caesar’s ambition not only brought Caesar multitudes of accomplishments and eventually led him to becoming dictator of Rome, but also brought him many enemies jealous of his power, along with the inability to be satisfied with himself andRead MoreThe Insight into Revelations 1:9-20: Bible Study1704 Words   |  7 Pageshe is ready to worship God as he would have on the Sabbath day. Second one must look at the words â€Å" I heard a loud voice,† this part of the scripture I take in the literal translation of a â€Å"loud voice.† Third, â€Å"as of a trumpet,† He uses a figure of speech, which is used to communicate something other than its literal, or natural meaning and a simile to describe the loud voice. A trumpet is one of the loudest wind instruments, and can be heard over most other noise. In Numbers chapter ten, God toldRead MoreThe Drawbacks of Freedom Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesHe focuses mainly on freedom of speech and the possible drawbacks to having ungoverned freedom of expression. Roger points out the public faulty rationale in the first paragraph as he says, â€Å"Everyone loves free expression as long as it isnt exercised†. Here, Roger reveals the contradiction between the people’s demand for the expansion of their freedoms, and their unwillingness to tolerate the results. Simply put, Roger believes that people support freedom of speech as long it does not affect orRead MoreThe Prayer Of Jesus And The Deaf Man Who Had A Speech Problem980 Words   |  4 Pagesus the story of Jesus healing the deaf man who had a speech problem. And we would like to ask the Lord to help us to have eyes that see His gifts, ears that hear His Words, and love to respond. Let us confess our sins†¦ Homily Every miracle that Jesus performed was unique. I think that in today’s Gospel we can hear one of the most interesting miracles that Jesus performed. Mark tells us the story of Jesus healing the deaf man who had a speech problem. Jesus’ compassion is so great that when theRead MoreInternet And The World Wide Web990 Words   |  4 Pagesstreamline operations. Indeed, a whole way of life for today’s generation has been changed because of the Internet. On the other side of the coin though, the convenience, availability and ease of use provided by the Internet could be looked at as a double-edged sword – one side provides protection while the other could do harm. Thus, one of the harms attributed to the use of the Internet is the loss of privacy by anyone using it. â€Å"In a world where literally everything you do can leave a digital fingerprintRead MoreThe Importance Of Censorship1199 Words   |  5 Pagessome might say that social media censorship goes against the First Amendment because in the American Constitution First Amendment defends the freedom of speech. Moreover, having censorship on social media is like â€Å"a double-edged sword that, if used the wrong way, can be harmful to the one at the tip of the blade and the one who is holding the sword†(Grimag). Therefore, social media is a suggestion that need to be thought about strongly and reasonably.

Ap Nsl Free Essays

ap nslChapter 18: Reading Questions 1. Read the handout on incorporation doctrine and write a definition of incorporation clarifying the concept of incorporation in your own words as well as explaining the role of the 14th Amendment in incorporation. I will cover this in class! 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Nsl or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are the three reasons why the liberties claimed by some people become major issues? Give one or two examples for each reason. 3. Explain briefly how the Supreme Court has interpreted the Free Exercise and Establishment clauses. 4. What are the difficulties in using the â€Å"wall of separation† principle? 5. List and explain the circumstances when the Supreme Court has ruled that freedom of speech may be limited. 6. Define the â€Å"clear-and-present-danger test,† libel, preferred position, prior restraint, imminent danger, and symbolic speech. You may just want to put these straight onto your flashcards 7. Summarize the Supreme Court’s changing interpretations of how to protect both the due process rights of accused criminals and to preserve the safety of the community. Define the exclusionary rule and the â€Å"good faith exception. †. Chapter 19 Reading Outline 1. What does the book say is the pertinent question regarding civil rights? 2. What were the strategies that black leaders followed in order to obtain civil rights? Once basic rights such as voting and integration had been obtained, what issues did civil rights leaders focus on? 3. Briefly outline the steps in the NAACP’s strategy in the fight against segregated schools and indicate the success they had in the courts and in implementing desegregation. . What was the issue concerning desegregation vs. integration? How has this issue been resolved? 5. What were the four developments that made it possible to pass civil rights bills? 6. What accounts for the change in attitude in Congress towards civil rights issues from the 1960s to the present? 7. How has the Supreme Court changed in its attitudes towards equal rights for women from the early 20th century to today? 8. What are t he two standards the Court uses today to in considering sex discrimination cases? What is the debate between those who support â€Å"equality of result† and those who support â€Å"equality of opportunity†? 9. What are the criteria that the Supreme Court has adapted in defining strict scrutiny of any law involving racial preferences? 10. Briefly summarize the highlights of the government’s response to abortion. 11. How did activists for the disabled manage to get The Americans with Disabilities Act passed? 12. Briefly summarize what is included in the law and the objections that some have had to the law. How to cite Ap Nsl, Papers

The Correct Methodology of Selecting CEOs free essay sample

The Correct Methodology of Selecting CEOs Abstract Selecting the correct methodology for recruiting your next chief executive officer is undoubtedly one of the most difficult decisions that a board of directors will ever have to make. Horse races, promotion contests, and the extensive use of executive search firms have proven to be the most common forms of selecting company’s top executives. The fight to hold to the title of CEO between internal and external candidates is cut-throat and in most cases, a popularity contest based on reputation alone. Selecting the proper method of recruitment helps companies to eliminate these battles and pick the top candidate based on their qualifications such as their credentials, experience, background, education, and personal references. Keywords: selecting CEOs, horse race, promotion contest, executive search firm The Correct Methodology of Selecting CEOs A chief executive officer is the highest ranking corporate officer of an organization and is responsible for the overall management and success of their company. We will write a custom essay sample on The Correct Methodology of Selecting CEOs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A CEO is the face of their organization and is generally the person responsible for leading the company, managing the employees, communicating to the public and stakeholders, as well as acting as the primary decision maker for the company. The chief executive officer generally answers to a board of directors which is a group of men and women who are elected by the shareholders of a company to govern the company and oversee all of its major decisions. Each year, 10%-15% of major corporations in the United States change their chief executive officers with the majority of these companies selecting their candidates from an outside organization (Chung, 1987). A change in CEO leadership for a company can be caused for a variety of reasons, but most likely will be due to retirement, transferring to another company, or not meeting performance expectations (Southerland Mackey-Ross, 2006). In most cases a CEO succession plan has been put into place long before the current CEO leaves a company, but in some instances, quick decisions must be made by the board and the results of that one decision can immediately affect the company at stake. According to Southerland and Mackey-Ross (2006), a thorough search for a new CEO can take anywhere from four to six months from the beginning of the search through the final negotiations with the selected applicants. Whether the company chooses to promote from within or search for an outside candidate, following a defined process will help to ensure a successful outcome. The decision to hire, fire, and select and new chief executive officer for a company is undoubtedly one of the most difficult tasks that a board will ever have to face and selecting the correct methodology for this decision is crucial to the success of their organization. Horse Race Approach When it comes to the leadership selection process, some companies choose to conduct a â€Å"horse race,† which is a leadership succession that takes place over a specific time frame between at least two internal or external candidates (Citrin, 2009). These candidates are directly competing with one another through a series of interviews to determine which of them will be chosen as the company’s new CEO. According to Citrin (2009), if there is an internal candidate as well as an external candidate, the competition for the CEO position is no longer considered a horse race. A horse race usually takes place over a six to twelve month time period once the board of directors hears that the CEO position will be vacated within specific time frame. During this allotted time frame, the selected candidates will undergo a rigorous application process consisting of multiple interviews by the board, in depth reference checks, and various scenarios in which the candidate must make quick business decisions. Horse races between external candidates are more likely to occur than horse races between internal candidates because the boards of most companies believe that although insiders have more knowledge about a specific company, external candidates will be more likely to alter existing practices and help create more efficient strategies to alleviate existing problems (Chung, 1987). If the horse race is taking place internally, most boards still choose to search outside of the company for qualified candidates to fill the leadership position (Citrin, 2009). This allows the board to assess how well its internal employees are matching up against external applicants. Horse races can also turn into popularity contests, in which the stakeholders and board members will exercise their stakeholder power (Lawrence Weber, 2008). This stakeholder power gives the board members and stakeholders the ability to use resources to make an event happen and secure the outcome that they see fit.

Crew Resource Management Essay Example

Crew Resource Management Essay Research Paper Crew Resource Management Rhandy Hurley Advanced Aircraft Systems Professor Ballard Barker October 25th , 2010 Index Background3 Definition3 Cognitive Skills4 Interpersonal Skills5 Concept6 Categories7 CRM Training11 Conclusions13 References14 BACKGROUND CRM was originally developed as a response to the finding of the causes of various aircraft accidents which were attained after the introduction of flight recorders and cockpit voice recorders into aircraft. The Information retrieved from these recording devices suggested that the majority of these accidents result not from a technical malfunction of the aircraft or its systems or from a failure in aircraft handling skills or knowledge on the part of the crew. It showed instead that they are primarily caused by the inability of crews to respond accordingly to the situation in which they are. Things like, for example, deficient communications between crew members lead in turn to a loss of situational awareness, disrupt the teamwork in the aircraft, and ultimately may lead to a disastrous situation. DEFINITION We will write a custom essay sample on Crew Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Crew Resource Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Crew Resource Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer CRM comprises a wide range of knowledge, skills and attitudes including communications, situational awareness, problem solving, decision making, and teamwork. Of course with all the sub-disciplines that each of these areas include. The parts that conform CRM are not new; actually they have been recognized or implied in aviation since the beginning. The difference is that now they are defined, structured and articulated in a formal way. CRM can be defined as a management system which makes optimum use of all available resources, including: equipment, procedures and people, to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations. CRM is not much centered in technical knowledge and skills to fly and operate the aircraft but rather with the cognitive and interpersonal skills required to manage the flight within an organized aviation system. Cognitive skills are the mental processes used for gaining and maintaining situational awareness, solving problems and taking decisions. Interpersonal skills are the communications and a range of behavioral activities associated with teamwork. COGNITIVE SKILLS Situational awareness Situational awareness includes consciousness and recognition of all the factors and that affect the safe operation of an aircraft. In order to establish situational awareness, humans take in information through the 5 senses: touch, hearing, smell, sight and taste. This information is then transformed by the brain into a mental model of the situation, a process known as perception. Perception depends not only on current information, but also on past experiences and sensations. Perception is therefore a product not only of immediate sensations but also of cultural and social influences acquired through a life-time of experiences. For a pilot, much of the information from which situational awareness is derived comes from the flight instruments and the navigational equipment on board, so the process of constructing an accurate mental image of the position of the aircraft is subject to a number of degrading influences such as inattention, distraction, stress, boredom, fatigue and others. Planning and Decision Making One of the most important aspects of CRM is to ensure that high quality decisions are taken across the whole spectrum of flight operations. Preflight planning increases situational awareness and also allows all embers of the crew to manage successfully their own specific areas of responsibility. Understanding the plan also allows individual crew members to contribute in the most effective way to decisions made in flight. As the flight progresses, the captain should update the crew at regular intervals on any changes to the original plan, so that individual crew members can maintain good situational a wareness. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS Communications It is evident that effective communication between crew members is an essential prerequisite for good CRM. Research has shown that in addition to its most widely perceived function of transferring information, the communication process in an aircraft fulfils several other important functions as well. it also allows problem solving to be shared among crew members by enabling individual crew members to contribute to the decision-making process. Most importantly, it establishes the interpersonal climate between crew members and is therefore a key element in setting the tone for the management of the flight. Teamwork Good teamwork is achieved when the output of the team is greater than what could be developed by the sum of all the individual efforts. This process is known as synergism. Synergism is produced by a process of interaction between crew members, in which each individual is empowered and encouraged to contribute in the most effective way to the overall task of the team. Good communications within the group, a high degree of situational awareness and a comprehensive understanding of the decision-making process by all members of the group are all prerequisites for the creation of synergy and the effective performance of the team as a whole. It is also evident that a healthy organizational culture, which actively promotes CRM, will also induce good teamwork, since CRM and teamwork are inextricably intertwined in the realm of effective flight management techniques. CONCEPT Pilots must understand today’s more complex aircraft and associated systems in order to operate them in a more demanding ATC environment. In order to comply with the workload inside and outside the flight deck, the pilot has to be a resource manager. To manage a flight resource effectively a pilot ust first know the resource exists and then understand its uses and limitations. The types ad availability of flight resources vary widely and are dependent on factors such as aircraft type and equipment, crew composition, operating environment and geographical location pilots should be familiar with as many types of resources as possible. The natural tendency is to use those resources which are most familiar. However the use of all available flight res ources gives the pilot more influence in the progress of the flight. Every pilot has a maximum workload capacity. This capacity is a function of many factors including experience, proficiency level, specific training, motivation, emotional health and others. Maximum workload pilot capacity can be degraded by many factors such as fatigue, family problems, job stress, illness, lack of training, lack of proficiency and others. A pilot cannot decrease workload by simply doing less when the situation requires more. Such an action would only increase the future workload. The required workload is more or less fixed and a pilot must have the capacity to deal with it effectively. As a result of crew resource management, a shifting of the workload occurs and the actual task loading of a pilot is decreased. As a matter of fact, the pilot’s workload capacity has been increased and an acceptable margin of safety is restored. High levels of situational awareness allow a pilot to operate at peak capacity while keeping task loading to a minimum. CATEGORIES Flight resources are placed in four major categories: * Human resources * Operational information * Equipment * Consumable Resources Human Resources Human resources are those people who, with their individual skills provide valuable support. Human resources skill areas can be categorized as follows: * Technical: the particular knowledge and ability associated with a specialty and the aptitude to apply it in a consistent and productive way. * Interpersonal: Interactions between people. On must develop the ability to manage other and communicate with them in ways they understand. It is equally important to listen and to understand what they are saying. Effective two-way communications is absolutely necessary. Even the pilot of a solo aircraft is required to interact with others during flight. Conceptual: the analysis and integration of all associated activities towards a common objective. In aviation on must be able to able to view a flight as a whole and recognize how various faces must be fin in relation to the entire profile. Conceptual skills include the ability to project the consequences of current situations, analyze available options and alter the flight profile accordingly. Human resources can be further categoriz ed as: * Flight crew * Ground services * Flight services Operational information Operational information is data that provides the pilot information needed for effective planning and decision making. Operational information includes the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), checklists, FAA-approved aircraft manuals, performance manuals, Pilot Operating Manual (POH) or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM), Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), navigation charts airport directories, Flight Operation Manuals (FOM) and Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL). Many of these resources must be carried onboard the aircraft for easy access. Operational information is also accumulated as the result of trip preparation and includes weather briefings, flight plans, NOTAMs and weight and balance computations. To be effective, operational information must be: * Current * Readily available * Applicable An expired weather forecast, obsolete navigational charts, out-dated instrument approach charts, old manuals and publications not consulted or left in the office are not dependable resources. Incomplete or invalid operational information actually increases workload by contributing to poor planning and decision making, as today’s flight environment becomes more demanding, effective management of operational information becomes critical to the safety of flight. Because of the volume of operational information available and the many sources providing it, companies now offer operational information services to operators without in-house dispatch. Typical services include complete flight planning, flight plan filling, weather services and arrangements for servicing and accommodations en-route. Equipment To help the pilot operate in a more complex environment, sophisticated equipment has been developed. Equipment resources are categorized as: * Communications equipment * Status indicators * Predictors Labor saving devices, like all flight resources, these various categories of equipment overlap and support one another. Alone or in support of one another, equipment resources help pilots achieve and maintain high levels of situational awareness. Communication equipment, status indicators and predictors are the basis of many of the actions a pilot may take. Pilots may develop increased situational awareness as a result of communication with others, throughout monitoring and analysis of status indicators and by warnings or information received from predictors. If a pilot has already achieved a high level of situational awareness, these resources will continue to provide the necessary information for maintaining that level of awareness. The load sharing and distribution of workload provided by labor saving devices help decrease the demand on pilot’s capabilities. In doing so, they provide the pilot with more time to collect, monitor and analyze information. Consumable Resources Consumable resources are resources expended during the flight. Because they are expended, consumable resources impose limits on a flight. The three most important resources are fuel, personal energy and time. Efficient management of each is critical to flight. The key to effective use of a consumable resource is careful planning: * How much is required? * How much is available? * How to use it efficiently? * How to ensure reserves are available? Resource management, to a degree, defines the limits which are imposed on a flight. There are ways to maximizes consumables resources and expand those limits. Fuel is on such consuming resource which imposes limits on a flight. Careful planning and management of fuel can extend the range limit of a fixed fuel load, while poor planning and management can do just the opposite. Although a pilot can define certain limits through effective resource management, there is always un ultimate limit dictated by the resource itself. Personal energy is a consumable resource which frequently does not receive much attention. Energy fuels the body. In the same way that an aircraft requires fuel, a body requires energy to perform. Hugh energy levels allow a crew to remain alert and physically capable of performing their duties. As energy levels are depleted, fatigue sets in and mental awareness deteriorates. Personal energy can be preserved by getting enough rest proper nutrition, drinking sufficient quantities of water, using proper relaxation techniques and maintaining good physical conditioning. Time is a resource when considering departure slots, approach times, holding, airport operating hours and other time constrained factors. Time is a non-renewable resource, once time is lost , it cannot be regained. New departures slots and approach times come at the expense of fuel reserves. Adherence to schedules may result in fuel consumption. Departure delays, holding and diverts not only use excess fuel but increase crew duty time and can lead to fatigue. Establishing realistic targets amd practicing time management throughout the flight will help pilots avoid time related losses and manage other consumable resources more efficiently. CRM TRAINING To maximize crew’s effectiveness in the aircraft, they not only need to get as familiar as possible with their particular role in the aircraft, but they also need to understand and develop the cognitive and interpersonal skills which are a prerequisite for good CRM. This cannot be taught by the didactic training methods normally used to impart technical knowledge about the aircraft and its systems. CRM skills are mostly concerned with understanding and interpreting behavior, particularly behavior which occurs in a group context, so they are more appropriately developed through a process known as experiential learning. Consequently, CRM training usually takes place in groups and is often assisted by a trained facilitator who is equipped with the relevant knowledge, skills and techniques to foster the learning rocess. For both historical and practical reasons, CRM skills have up to now been taught separately from technical knowledge and skills, but the considerable area of overlap between the two disciplines suggests that the training would be more effective if it was integrated from the earliest stages of the aircrew training regime. CONCLUSION All of the factors contributing to situational awareness must be integrated in a systematic manner. Thi s is accomplished through crew resource management. Crew resource management is the use and coordination of all the skills and resources available to flight crew to achieve and maintain situational awareness. As a result, we reach the established goal of safety, efficiency and comfort flight. Pilot training traditionally has concentrated mainly on developing our physical flying skills, aircraft systems knowledge and spatial orientation skills to expand our experience base. We must certainly continue to improve our physical flying skills, aircraft systems knowledge and build upon our experience. To neglect these vital areas would be a giant step back in aviation safety. On the other hand, technology is continually changing and expanding the role and responsibilities of the pilot. It is not enough to be just a good control manipulator with knowledge of the aircraft systems. Recent statistics on aviation mishaps indicate that these traditional skills alone do not necessarily ensure safety of flight. REFERENCES * Royal aeronautical Society http://www. raes-hfg. com/ * Airline Safety http://www. airlinesafety. com/ * The Turbine Pilot’s Flight Manual by Gregory N. Brown amp; Mark J. Holt * Instrument Flying Handbook * The First Officer’s Guide by Michael F. Wilson

Verb Tenses and Forms on SAT Writing

Verb Tenses and Forms on SAT Writing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Get excited for this article all about verbs!!! Tenses!! Gerunds!! Infinitives!! In my next article, I may write about not overusing exclamation points!!! Extreme punctuation aside, knowing when to use different verb tenses and forms will be extremely beneficial to you on the SAT Writing section, since these concepts are tested repeatedly on the SAT. There’s a lot of information in this article, but I promise that it’s all valuable and knowing it will help you maximize your SAT score. In this post, I’ll do the following: Define the verb tenses and forms that are tested on the SAT. Provide information about when to use different verb tenses. Detail how to construct verbs in different tenses. Explain and demonstrate how verbs are tested on the SAT. Provide practice questions to test you on what you’ve learned. Verb Tenses You Need To Know While you don’t need to know the names of verb tenses for the SAT, you do need to know when and how to properly use different verb tenses. We'll go through them one at a time. Present Function The present tense is the verb tense you use when for discussingthings that are currently happening or for statements of fact. Examples of verbs in the present tense are "runs," "plays," and "talk." Also, the present progressive is considered a form of the present tense. The present progressive is formed with the present tense of â€Å"to be† + the gerund (â€Å"ing†) form of the word. Examples of presentprogressive verbs are "am talking," "is explaining," and "are jumping." Typically, words like â€Å"currently† andâ€Å"now† indicate that you should use the present tense of a verb. Here's an example sentence for you: Currently, I am writing this amazing article. Construction Let's conjugate a verb in the present tense. This is the conjugation of the verb "walk". Singular Plural I walk We walk You walk You walk He/She/It Walks They walk The present tense is not specifically tested on the SAT Writing section, but you do need to know how to properly conjugate verbs in the present tense for subject-verb agreement questions. Simple Past Function Generally, any sentence that describes a completed action should contain a verb in the past tense. Construction Typically the simple past tense of a verb is formed by adding â€Å"ed† to the verb. The past tense of â€Å"destroy† is â€Å"destroyed†. The past tense of â€Å"talk† is â€Å"talked† and the past tense of â€Å"explain† is â€Å"explained.† Check out this example sentence: Yesterday, George watched seven hours of Netflix. Many verbs are irregular and do not follow this construction. For example, "buy" becomes "bought" in the past tense, "come" becomes "came," and "grow" becomes "grew." However, the SAT will not specifically test you on irregular verbs. Good stuff Present Perfect Function Use the present perfect tense for actions that began in the past but are still continuing in the present. Construction The present perfect is formed with has/have + the past participle. For regular verbs, the past participle is formed by adding "ed" to the verb. Examples of present perfect verbs include "has talked", "have done", and "has brought". Here is an example sentence with a verb in the present perfect tense. For the past seven hours, George has watched Netflix. As in this example, the words â€Å"for† and â€Å"since† often indicate that the present perfect tense is needed. Be aware, however, thatthere are other instances when context determines that you should use the present perfect tense. Past Perfect Function When a sentence describes two completed actions, the past perfect is used for the action that came first. Construction The past perfect tense is formed with had + the past participle. Examples of past perfect verbs include "had talked," "had danced," and "had grown." Look at this sentence that correctly uses the past perfect tense: By the time his mom came home from work, George had watched seven hours of Netflix. The seven hours of watching werecompleted before George'smom came home, so we use the past perfect for the verb "to watch." The action that comes firstshould be in the past perfect tense. Conditional Function The conditional tense is used to describe things that could occur or things that haven't yet occurred from the perspective of the past. Construction The conditional tense is formed with "would" + the verb. Examples of verbs in the conditional tense are "would talk," "would sing," and "would write." Future Function The future tense is used to describe things that have not yet occurred or could occur in the future. Construction The future tense is formed with "will" + the verb. Examples of verbs in the future tense are "will talk," "will sing," and "will write." Gerunds and Infinitives Gerund and Infinitive Function Both gerunds and infinitives are verbs that act like nouns. While gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, certain idiomatic expressions require you to use one or the other. Gerund Construction Gerunds are formed by adding "ing" to a verb. Examples of gerunds include "running," "jumping," and "singing." Infinitive Construction Infinitives are formed by adding "to" + the verb. Examples of infinitives include "to play," "to run," and "to jump." How Are Verb Tenses and Forms Tested on the SAT? Now that you're familiar with the different verb tenses and forms, we can discuss how theyare tested on the SAT. Consistency Most of the verb questions in the SAT Writing section have to do with consistency. The basic consistency rule regarding verbs is that verbs should remain consistent in tense or form throughout a sentence. Sentences that start in the past should stay in the past and sentences that start in the present should stay in the present. Check out this incorrect sentence that does not follow the consistency rule: Jerome attends study hall and played the violin. The verb "attends" is in the present tense and "played" is in the past. The verb tenses should be consistent. Here is a correct version of the sentence: Jerome attends study hall and plays the violin. We could have corrected the sentence by changing "attends" to "attended". The important thing to remember is that the verb tenses should be consistent. Sometimes, however, you can have a shift in tense and the sentence can still be correct. This kind of construction is only possible if the verbs are in different clauses. Take a look at these examples: Jeremiah bought a Lexus and impresses his peers. Jeremiah bought a Lexus because he wants to impress his peers. The first sentence is incorrect since "bought" and "impresses" are in different tenses but the same clause. The second sentence, on the other hand, is correct. The tense shift takes place in a different clause and the two verbs are occurring at different times: Jeremiah bought the car in the past, but he still wants to impress people in the present. Strategy If a verb is underlined in either the sentence improvement or identify the error subsection, make sure the verb follows consistency rules. If there are multiple verbs in the sentence, identify the tenses to make sure they're consistent. If there's a shift from past to present or vice versa, determine if the variation is acceptable given the context of the sentence. Here's an actual SAT Writing question that tests verb tense consistency. Real SAT Example Try to answer the following question from a real SAT. Explanation: The verb â€Å"has been† is part of the underlined phrase. Whenever you see a verb underlined, check for verb tense andsubject-verb agreement errors. â€Å"Has been† is in the present perfect tense. However, we know that the sentence should be in the past due to the verb â€Å"was† in the sentence. The verb tenses should be consistent. Also, the present perfect is used for something that is still going on, and, based on the context of the sentence, we know that we’re dealing with a completed action. Similarly, because there is not a sequence of completed actions, we know that we shouldn’t use the past perfect tense, "had been". After eliminating wrong choices, we’re left with C and D. Due to parallel structure rules, the infinitive â€Å"to conceive† should be used to be parallel with â€Å"to espouse† on the other side of the conjunction. The answer is D. On the SAT Writing section Let's take a look at another common type of verb form question on the SAT. Gerund Vs. Infinitive On the SAT, gerunds will be switched with infinitives. While both gerunds and infinitives are verbs that function as nouns, certain idiomatic expressions require you to use either a gerund or an infinitive. Typically, you have to rely on knowing what sounds right to determine whether to use a gerund or an infinitive. Here is an example of ansentence with an error: Luis has decided playing football next year. To fix the error, you have to know that the verb "decide"requires an infinitive to follow it. This is the corrected version of the same sentence: Luis decided to play football next year. How do you figure out gerund vs. infinitive questions on the SAT? Strategy Review the list of idioms with gerunds and infinitives. In sentences with a gerund or infinitive underlined, replace one with the other to determine what sounds better. Use this strategy and your knowledge of gerunds and infinitives to answer this actual SAT question. Real SAT Example Where is the error in the following sentence? Is there an error? Explanation: I hope your ear for what sounds right helped you figure this one out. There is a gerund, â€Å"working†, underlined. Replace the gerund with an infinitive to determine what sounds better. Would you say â€Å"they had an inability working together† or â€Å"they had an inability to work together†? The latter is correct, and the infinitive form should be used. The answer is C. Let's move onto some of the other commonly misused verb forms. Simple Past Vs. Present Perfect On the SAT, a verb will occasionallybe in the simple past tense when it should be in the present perfect and vice versa. As noted earlier, the past tense is used for completed actions. The present perfect is used for actions that began in the past and are still going on. Here is an example sentence with this sort of verb tense error: For the past month, I wrote articles for PrepScholar. The action, writing, started a month ago and is still going on. Therefore, you should use the present perfect tense. This is the corrected sentence: For the past month, I have written articles for PrepScholar. Will make you holler! I have a few tips to help you figure out whether to use the past or present present perfect on the SAT Writing section. Strategy For both past and present perfect tenses, determine the function of the verb based on the context of the sentence. Use your knowledge of how the tenses should be used to determine if the given tense is being used correctly. Keep in mind that words like â€Å"for† and â€Å"since† often indicate that the present perfect is required. Simple Past Vs. Past Perfect The simple past is for completed actions and the past perfect describes the first of two completed actions or events. On the SAT, occasionally, a verb will be in the simple past when it should be in the past perfect and vice versa. This is an example of an incorrect sentence: I never saw such a disgusting meal until I went to Applebee's. Because the â€Å"never seeing† happened before going to Applebee’s, the verb should be in the past perfect tense. This is the corrected version of the sentence: I had never seen such a disgusting meal until I went to Applebee's. The following advice will help you when you encounter a simple past vs. past perfect question on the SAT. Strategy Any time a simple past tense verb or past perfect verb is underlined, make sure the verb is being used correctly. The phrase â€Å"by the time† will often indicate that the past perfect is needed. Check out this past vs. past perfect question from the SAT. Real SAT Example Try to correctly answer this past vs. past perfect question that appeared on the identify the error subsection. Explanation: Let’s look at the underlined verb â€Å"had been†. It’s in the past perfect tense. Should it be? Well, the two actions, sharing the Nobel Prize and being the first woman to win, happened simultaneously. The past perfect should only be used for an action that is completed before another completed action. Therefore, the simple past should be used instead of the past perfect. The answer is C. The verb should be â€Å"was†. Would Vs. Will On rare occasions, "would" and "will" will be switched with one another. Generally, you only have to remember that "would" should be used with sentences in the past tense and "will" should be used with sentences in the present or future tense. Here is an example of an incorrect sentence: Bill Clinton, who will become president in 1992, was born in Hope, Arkansas. Because the sentence is in the past, as indicated by a date in the past, you need to use â€Å"would† instead of â€Å"will†. This is the corrected version: Bill Clinton, who would become president in 1992, was born in Hope, Arkansas. Strategy Any time that â€Å"would† or â€Å"will† is underlined, make sure that â€Å"would† is used for sentences in the past, and â€Å"will† is used for sentences in the present/future. Let's take a look at more verb questions from the SAT Writing section. More Real SAT Examples Try to correctly answer this identify the error question. Explanation: On first glance, nothing may seem incorrect. However, the phrase â€Å"twenty-five years after† indicates that the action is already completed. The event happened twenty-five years ago. The past tense should be used for completed actions. The verb â€Å"stimulate† is in the present tense and should be changed to â€Å"stimulated†. The answer is B. Here's another example question for you. Explanation:When you see a verb underlined, make sure it’s in the proper tense. The phrase â€Å"during the last fifty years† indicates that something started in the past and is still going on. What verb tense should we use in this situation? We should use the present perfect tense. â€Å"Come† is in the present tense. Also, the verb â€Å"have seemed† is a clue that â€Å"come† should be in the present perfect tense. In this situation, the tenses should be consistent. Therefore, â€Å"come† should be â€Å"have come†. The answer is B. Here are some more general tips for verb questions on SAT Writing. General Strategies for Verb Questions #1: If a Verb is Underlined, Check for Proper Tense and Form Whether on the sentence improvement or identify the error subsection, if a verb is part of an underlined phrase, there is a possible verb form error. #2: Look for Words/Phrases That Indicate Which Verb Tense Should Be Used Often, words or phrases elsewhere in the sentence will let you know what tense to use. If a date in the past is referenced, you should probably use a form of the past tense. If the word â€Å"since† is written, there should probably be a present perfect verb. Context clues are placed within a sentence to indicate the proper verb tense. Also, the other verbs in the sentence can indicate which tense to use. Remember consistency rules. #3: Replace Gerunds with Infinitives and Vice Versa If there is a sentence with a gerund or infinitive underlined, replace it with the other to determine which would work best in the given sentence. Rely on your ear and knowledge of idiomatic expressions for gerund/infinitive questions. I created some realistic practice questions to test you on what you've learned. Additional Practice Utilize your verb knowledge to answer the following SAT Writing practice questions. 1. When Toni Braxton performed (A) at the casino in Arizona (B), she sold (C) out the venue and had been given (D) a standing ovation. No error. (E) 2. Until (A) recently, people talk (B) to each other instead (C) of relying on texting and e-mail to communicate (D) with their peers. No error. (E) 3. For the past five years, Josh has been listening toTupacShakur. A. has been listening B. listens C. is listening D. will be listening E. listened 4. When (A) Mariah Carey released (B) her first album in 1990, (C) no one knew that she will (D) win 5 Grammy Awards and sell more than 60 million albums. No error. (E) Answers: 1. D, 2. B, 3. A, 4. D What's Next? Now that you'vethoroughly reviewed verb questions, check out this article on the complete parts of speech for SAT Writing. For an in-depth post about questions related to specific parts of speech, read this one on adjectives and adverbs. For those of you who are aiming for perfection, learn how to get a perfect score on SAT Writing. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Litterature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Litterature - Essay Example Baldwin’s socio-economic, gender, racial, and religious conditions shape a personal-universal writing style, which aims to write for people who establish and develop their identities, using their own frame of references. Cultural Issues and Influences Baldwin’s cultural issues intersect concerns for race, gender, and class, where Harlem is one of the strongest cultural influences on Baldwin. The poverty of his family and neighborhood and the religiosity of his stepfather affected his work aesthetics and style. Gerald Meyer believes that the key to understanding Baldwin’s politics is through analyzing his Harlem roots and culture. While some writers like Langston Hughes saw Harlem as a black Mecca, Baldwin lived in it and remembers it as a ghetto.† Baldwin’s â€Å"The Harlem Ghetto† dispels notions of aesthetic greatness that some writers attribute to it: †¦the buildings are old and in desperate need of repair, the streets are crowded and dirty; there are too many human beings per square mile†¦ All of Harlem is a place pervaded by a sense of congestion, rather like the insistent, maddening, claustrophobic pounding in the skull that comes from trying to breathe in a very small room with all the windows shut.† (39 qtd. in Meyer 274). ... Furthermore, though coming from a low economic status with racial and gender concerns, Baldwin resists being a black fundamentalist or to conform to any label. Instead, he supports diverse views, a devotion which signifies his multiracial and multi-gender politics. He does not want to be seen as a Negro writer or as a gay writer per se (Field 7). In writing for all, nevertheless, critics charged him for having no unifying ideology. Francois Burgess disparages Baldwin’s works as being too broad: â€Å"Alone among Black contemporary writers, Baldwin could not or did not know how to find a central ideology that would give to his work coherence and unity† (Bobia 54 qtd. in Field 7). But this paper believes that Baldwin only writes from what he feels is personally right, which resonate with those who experience or witness the same struggles. Baldwin does not have to conform to the frameworks and labels of others to become the writer that he wants to be. Aside from Harlem, Pa ris shaped Baldwin’s writings through the theme of expatriation. Baldwin leaves America, not only because he is disillusioned with the persecution of his race and gender in the U.S., but more so because he wants to distance himself from these struggles, in order to find his identity, including his writing voice. Price describes Baldwin’s Parisian stopover as a â€Å"liberating experience,† that gives him â€Å"the sanction, if one can accept it, to become oneself† (313 qtd. in Tomlinson 136). Baldwin cannot be himself in a society that attacks him from different sides. The physical distance refreshes him, reminding him of his roles and functions as a writer and as an American. Robert Tomlinson argues that the theme of expatriation in Baldwin’s works

Stage #1 of Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stage #1 of Final Paper - Essay Example s, specifically those in male-dominated industries, are feeling the pressure of â€Å"acting like men,† so that they can gain respect and establish and protect their authority. Being too nice to employees, for instance, is seen as a weakness, of being â€Å"too soft or too womanly,† a negative trait ascribed to female managers. As a result, I became a tough manager, in other words, a â€Å"male manager† that fit gender expectations about management. An example of the need for being acting like a male manager was when a male employee, Sergio, got a complaint from a male customer, Jason. Jason accused Sergio of being a racist, when he said that Sergio sounded â€Å"so nice† when talking with Hispanics, but unruly and arrogant with â€Å"white male customers.† Sergio admitted that he had a different tone when he spoke with Jason, but this was because he claimed that Jason made a racist remark first. When Jason entered the bus, he looked at Sergio and said, â€Å"These Mexicans are taking our jobs dude,† referring to his male companion, who nodded. I understood the racial tension between the two but because we have a company policy against discrimination, I suspended Sergio for a month, which he got angry with saying I was â€Å"too harsh, like I didn’t know what it means to be a minority.† Because of his comments, I often thought about why I needed to toughen up as a manager, which shows n percep tions and what I think as social perceptions about the role of gender in creating and enforcing management attitudinal and behavioral

The governing body for the sport of rifle shooting has a rule to the Essay

The governing body for the sport of rifle shooting has a rule to the effect that the target must be of prescribed dimensions ad must be acquired from an approved source - Essay Example g body for the sport of rifle shooting has a rule to the effect that the target must be of prescribed dimensions and must be acquired from an approved source. The aim of this paper is to analyse this rule and whether it should be legally challenged before the courts. Overtime the European Union’s involvement with sports particularly with standard setting has been increasing. Borja Garcia of the Loughborough University explored the â€Å"origins and development† (2007) of this involvement. Perhaps, the turning point of this involvement was in December 2000 when the â€Å"the European Council agreed to grant the social, educational and cultural functions of sport special status within the European Unions (EU) Treaty framework† (Parrish, 2001, p. 188. Garcia further opined that this involvement is â€Å"a consequence of actors instrumentalising institutional venues to their own benefit† (Garcia, 2007). Ian Blackshaw observed that through the EU â€Å"sport is subject to the ‘acquis communautaire’ – the body of law that has grown up and developed by the Community Institutions, not least the rulings of the European Court of Justice, the guardian of the EC Treaty† (2007). Although the creation of a standard on the dimensions of the target is very sound, restricting the source of the target is bordering on the ridiculous. Too much focus on trivialities can shift the attention from what rifle target shooting means as sports – a measure of marksmanship and skills. Stephen Weatherill, on the other hand, opined that EU’s involvement in the regulation of sports in the European communities is a good thing, but too much is not good either. Specifically, his white paper â€Å"sets out a case for EU intervention in sport where this is necessary and helpful, but it accepts that much sporting activity is not usefully the subject of elaborate EU supervision, and it instead recognises the proper role of other public and private actors. And – contrary to the complaints loudly

Nonverbal Communication In Romantic Relationships

Nonverbal Communication In Romantic Relationships Imagine a father is waiting for his daughter in the waiting room at a hospital while she is having major heart surgery. He is praying to see her come out with a full recovery, yet he knows the difficulty of the procedure. The doctor slowly walks over, rubs his neck, and suddenly freezes. Then the father watches as the doctors face tells an unfortunate circumstance. Although not one word was said by the doctor, tears fall fast down the fathers face, and he realizes that his daughter has just passed away. The message the doctor was trying to convey was received without trying, and his actions portrayed said everything he couldnt. This is called nonverbal communication; all intentional and unintentional messages that are not written, spoken, or sounded (Hamilton, 2008). This paper will explain Kinesics and voice quality in nonverbal communication and show its importance to romantic relationships. Research Nonverbal communication is usually believed over verbal communication. Most researchers believe people have a harder time controlling nonverbal signals than verbal ones (Floyd, 2009). Lets say, for example, that John is asked if he is lonely now that his significant other left him for another man. Although his first verbal response might be of course not, he may slump down in his chair and give out a heavy sigh as he speaks. It becomes very obvious then that John is actually lonely. His actions speak far more than his words. However, one must understand that nonverbal cues are not limited to only vocal communication. One of many studies done at the University of California Los Angeles stated that up to 93 percent of communication effectiveness is determined by nonverbal cues. Another study stated that the impact of a performance was determined 7 percent by the words used, 38 percent by voice quality, and 55 percent by the nonverbal communication (Heathfield, 2010). Although most scholars and researches believe that communication is done nonverbally, it is hard to determine exactly how much. Some researchers have developed various hypotheses and even formulas to give meaning. For most people, nonverbal communicating is simply a part of their daily communicating process. It is realized that it is going on, but not how important it is in every communicating relationship. Experts generally agree that when two people are engaged in a face-to-face conversation, only a small fraction of the total message they share is contained in the words they use. A large portion of the message is contained in vocal elements such as tone of voice, accent, speed, volume, and inflection. The largest part of the message, and arguably the most important, is conveyed by Kinesics. This defined is the combination of gestures, postures, and facial expressions. In persuasion, nonverbal messages can support or interfere with the verbal messages that a person is delivering (Preston, 2005). Many put all their thoughts into what they say; however, most people dont realize that most of what they are relaying is done nonverbally. Most people think before they speak, but not many think about how the other person will interpret their message. Characteristics of the voice, known as vocalics, have unique paralinguistic cues that influence interpretation of verbal communication. They are as follows; pitch, inflection, volume, rate, filler words, pronunciation, articulation, accent, and silence (Floyd, 2009). Its a combination of these that help to convey meaning of what is said or thought. Although a large portion of the message is contained in vocal elements, it is not the largest portion. The largest part of interpretation in communication, and arguably the most important, is conveyed by Kinesics. Facial expression is the primary means of expressing emotion. For example, imagine an old man who grabs for the first bite of his Volcano Taco, and suddenly his jaw drops. He starts to pant, but not before he waves his hand around his mouth as if it were a fan. As he starts to turn red, his eyes begin to water. It doesnt take rocket science to decipher that the taco was hot and clearly too much for the old man. Often people use nonverbal behaviors such as facial expressions or gestures to indicate how someone else should interpret our messages. For instance, one might smile and wink to indicate that we are being sarcastic or raise their eyebrows to signal that what they are saying is very serious (Floyd, 2009). All these behaviors are examples of how we can use nonverbal cues to meta-communicate with those around us. Application Nonverbal communication is everywhere. Although words sometimes cant say it all, our nonverbal cues usually can if intercepted correctly. This is why knowing how to control and read nonverbal communication is key in not only making but also keeping romantic relationships. Nonverbal behavior cues are especially important for several key features of relationships. These include attraction and affiliation, power and dominance, and arousal and relaxation (Floyd, 2009). Men often misinterpret a womans innocent smile or compliment as a sexual come-on. Gender stereotypes imply that men are socialized to over sexualize the world. In two studies Rebhahn reported that researchers discovered that men tended to overestimate womens sexual interest, while women underestimated mens willingness to commit (Rebhahn, 2000). It is obviously sometimes hard to intercept nonverbal communication, especially in relationships due to the dynamics. As humans, we tend to acknowledge the most dominant nonverbal c ues and decipher them without further investigation of other cues. Every time a person is able to hear or see another , it gives them a chance to pick up nonverbal cues. Box office movie hits do just that. One is able to watch closely as actors use Kinesics and vocal quality to give an audience a feel of authenticity. The many different variations can be seen in the hit movie The Ugly Truth . The movie centers around two actors, Katherine Heigl and Gerard Butler. Katherine plays a morning show producer who is a control freak and also has issues finding and keeping men. The story takes on a new role when Gerard is given air time on her show to speak his mind on his chauvinistic sex stereotypes. Throughout the romantic comedy, Gerard helps Katherine develop her romantic skills in hopes of starting a relationship with the perfect man. With trials and tribulations, the two fall in love and beat their issues. As one can imagine, romantic relationships are full of nonverbal communication. The following paragraphs give examples on nonverbal cues found with in the scenes. In one of the beginning scenes Katherine is home watching television. It just so happens that Gerard is on his own television show, The Ugly Truth. He is expressing his concepts on relationships, and Katherine feels strongly against his opinion. Thats why she decides to phone in. During this time they both batter back and forth. Her Kinesics during the conversation is full of nonverbal cues. When she first calls in, she makes a quick, hard comment to Gerard. You can tell she is comfortable and confident by her cues. She is sitting relaxed on her bed. She rolls her eyes as she talks about what she believes to be his ignorance. She is quick in what she is saying, yet she is talking very smoothly. Her entire demeanor altars once the conversations becomes sour for her side. Even though he is not in the same room, she stands up and starts to wave her hands to prove her point. Her voice starts to rise as she becomes more and more frustrated. Before she had a smooth flowing voice, and now s he is emphasizing words that she is trying to relay importance to. Later in the movie, Katherine gives an obvious nonverbal cue that cant be ignored. After recording Gerards first show on her station, she is overwhelmed with his tactics and material. Later she is then found by her assistant and boss lying down in a closet. Once her boss told her that the ratings from that show were at an all time high, she jolted up. Although one would imagine she was excited, this cue tied with her facial expression suggested that she was disappointed. She wanted badly for him to fail in order for her to produce respectable news. After her coworkers leave, she shuts the door and lays back down. This is just one more example of how down in the dumps she feels, and that she wants to be left alone. Even though she says so little, she still expresses her emotions successfully. Conclusion Nonverbal communication is a phenomenon that is existent in every conversation. Every person uses various aspects Kinesics and vocal quality, and most dont even realize it. This paper has illustrated that what we do in a conversation gives meaning to the words we use. It establishes fear, love, hate, excitement, and so much more. The understanding of nonverbal communication in romantic relationships is significantly important. In order to further develop personal relationships, one must realize the power nonverbal cues have over them. Now, one should have a better understanding of nonverbal communication and why it is imperative to know that people speak with their actions!!!

Compare two poems by wilfed owen Essay -- essays research papers

Compare two poems by Wilfred Owen, showing how they reflected contemporary attitudes to the ‘Great War’. Refer closely to language and poetic techniques.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War 1 broke out in 1914. At the beginning of the war, there was a great feeling of patriotism and enthusiasm. Young men were eager to join the armed forces, as they thought the glory and heroism of war would be enjoyable. Fighting in France was expected to be an exciting adventure. Thousands of men joined so they would have the honor of serving their Queen and country. Underage age boys lied about their age in order to join, which showed that the English people thought the war would be won and over quickly. Many patriotic poems and songs were written which encouraged the war effort even more. However, by 1917 the true horror and cruelty of fighting in the war was unveiled. The soldiers experienced true pain, hardship and psychological damage. For those who were left in England, there was huge grief for the loss of life, and people’s attitudes to the war changed dramatically. Wilfred Owen was a teacher who fought from the begging of the ‘Great War’. Owen himself displayed a contrasting attitude as the war progressed through his poems. Before he signed up, he shared the view of the British public, and wrote ‘Ballad of Peace and war’ in 1914. He thought that peace was good but it was better to fight for the country. By 1917, his poetry had changed from blind patriotic disillusion and encouragement, to bitterness and anger. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est’, and â€Å"Disabled† were poems he wrote during his time in Craig Lockheart hospital, where he was suffering from shell shock. He had seen the tragedy and graphic brutality of trench warfare, and the trauma he had seen and experienced had sunk in. Both the poems focus on one main person or event. Wilfred Owen wrote these poems to highlight the reality of war, they were ‘protest poems’ to propaganda declaring fighting for soldiers as an honor. ‘Disabled’ focuses on a dingle victim of war, now disabled and in a wheelchair, spending his life in an institute, lonely and unloved. The emphasis of the poem is the tragic consequences of war, and the man’s pain and suffering evokes great empathy for the disabled man in the reader. Losing his legs in the war has robbed him of his masculinity and youth forever. The message of this poem is t... ..., portrays the man as a hero. Now the man is lonely and unloved, ‘Only a solemn man †¦ thanked him; and then inquired about his soul.’ He has been forgotten, and even feels lonely in the institute ‘Why don’t they come and put him to bed? Why don’t they come?’ The repetition of the line emphasizes his despair and frustration. Owen talks about the man being happy in the old day, and the fact that now he will never again have the feeling of happiness in a relationship. The man is now a charity case ‘take whatever pity they may dole.’ If he had not fought in the war then this would never have happened to him. Owen uses striking images and vivid imagery in both poems to clearly show his anger of people who were disillusioned about war, and to show the harsh reality of war. A sense of pathos runs throughout the poems in the reader for the men. The sarcasm used in ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ shows Owens passion of getting his point across. Many peoples attitude of war in England had changed drastically by the time Wilfred Owen wrote these two poems. ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ and ‘Disabled’ both realistically reflected contemporary attitudes to the ‘Great War’ at the time they were written.

Experiences of African Americans During the Civil War Period Essay

The 1860s and 1870s were particularly trying times for African Americans. The Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865 saw America undergo social and political change as Americans struggled to redefine their idea of race and face the question of slavery. More importantly still were the experiences of blacks during and after the war as they fought to be accorded the same rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In the early days of the war, the issue of slavery was avoided vehemently by Lincoln and Davis (Norton et al. 2008) despite it being an essential issue in the war between the North and South. In fact, freeing the slaves was never an agenda of the North. The North was against slavery because they perceived the South, who was pro slavery, as a threat to the North’s social and political order (Norton et al. , 2008). Consequently, being against slavery did not necessarily mean Northerners were not racist. In fact, many still saw themselves as racially superior to the blacks. Despite the apparent racial prejudice, blacks in the South still saw in the Union army their route to freedom. After Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation allowing blacks to serve in the Union cause, thousands of slaves, amongst them, one John Boston (Linden & Pressly, n. d), fled their masters and joined the Union army in their fight against the South. Many blacks sought to assert their manhood despite discrimination in the army through the display of bravery and valor. Still more died, like the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts regiment, in their fight for equality. Therefore, although Lincoln had given them a motive to reak free, it was the blacks’ own courage to fight for their own freedom which ultimately led to their emancipation. The North’s victory over the South in 1865 meant that the slaves were finally free. As freedpeople, one of their foremost desires was to own land as land meant subsistence and sufficiency (Norton et al, 2008). Also, because it was all they had known to do, many fell back on plantation agriculture as their livelihood. Some, like Josua Culverson and Major X Whiteing, applied for leases through the U. S. Com of Plantations (Linden & Pressly, n. ). Because most freedpeople had no money to purchase land, they could only lend it on credit. However, because of preexisting prejudices, freedpeople found even that to be a task. Consequently, they returned to their old farms where they had worked as slaves. However, unlike previously, these freedpeople sought to better their situation by reaching an agreement with the owner through a system known as sharecropping. Often, such an agreement would entail the provision of food and seeds in exchange for a portion of the crop earnings (Norton et al. 2008). Such is the case between William R. Steen, a white citizen, and Caroline, a colored woman; along with 7 other Arkansas freedpeople whom by contract, had to give one third part of the crop raised upon the farm by their labor to the owner of the farm (Linden & Pressly, n. d). The years 1865 to 1877 saw efforts in reconstructing the war-torn South. A huge hurdle existed then to reconcile the freed blacks with southern whites, who were so used to operating in a slave society that their prejudices could not be eradicated so easily. Furthermore, they were threatened by the rise of black status and into the ranks of political power so much so that a group of whites came together and formed the first Ku Klux Klan; a society which sought to maintain white supremacy through intimidation, violence and terrorism (Norton et al. , 2008). Klansmen committed murder, arson, and rape whilst asserting their notion of white supremacy. As a result, despite having been emancipated, the freed blacks still suffered considerable pain and fear under the hands of the Ku Klux Klan. Amongst the most targeted were blacks who had rose to political power. Ann J. Edwards, the daughter of a black Congressman recounted that â€Å"We, his family, lived in constant fear†¦ A day or two before election a mob gathered†¦in front of the house, and we thought the end had come. † (Sterling, n. d). More gruesome was the story of Joe Johnson who was elected into the Republican office. He was burnt nearly to death, and shot because of his refusal to resign from office (Sterling, n. ). His execution was witnessed by his wife who could do nothing against the oppressive terror and violence of the Ku Klux Klan. Blacks were not the only victims of the Ku Klux Klan regime. Whites who openly supported blacks saw their lives being threatened as well. Hannah Flournoy, a black woman, gave account of an execution involving a white Georgian who had supported the black cause. â€Å"[Men] bolted right in and commenced shooting†¦They were disguised but I knew a great many of them. Hannah â€Å"thought it right to take [Ashburn] in† and was â€Å"willing to die for him† simply on the basis of him being a Republican (Sterling, n. d). The incident reflected the loyalty of many blacks to stand beside those, white or otherwise, who sought to uphold their natural rights. Teachers were another group being targeted. Colored schools came under the attack of the Klan and were burnt to the ground (Norton et al, 2008). Many blacks endured the hardship of abuse and violence despite its injustice and unlawfulness. Recounted Harriet Hernandez, â€Å"He struck me on the forehead with a pistol†¦kicked me over [the fence]†¦dragged and beat [me and my daughter] along. † Despite the blacks being freed in the South, the activities of the Ku Klux Klan ensured that blacks would not enjoy the same rights as whites. â€Å"[Colored people] have no satisfaction to live like humans†¦all summer I have been working and it is impossible for me to enjoy it†, said Harriet (Sterling, n. d). Despite all the violence inflicted on them, blacks exhibited extraordinary courage in the face of threats by Klansmen. Emeline Bremfield whose husband was a target of the Klan, stood unwavering in the face of death, as the Klan confronted her of her husband’s whereabouts (Sterling, n. d). Blacks even went out of their way to fit into a black aggrieved society. Many like, Caroline Smith and Lucy McMillan, dressed down in order not to stand out for fear of being whipped (Sterling, n. d). Although the Ku Klux Klan‘s primary motive was the assertion of white political power, Klansmen took every opportunity they got to assert white supremacy mindsets. McMillan’s house was burned simply because she had mentioned she wanted to own land. Smith was whipped only to remind her not to â€Å"sass any white ladies† (Sterling, n. d). Aside from the destruction of property and life, black women suffered in yet another form – sexual assault. Klansmen sought to assert their superiority over black women by sexually harassing them. Some black women were even mutilated, like Frances Gilmore who was â€Å"cut with a knife†, or gang raped (Sterling, n. d). Racial hostility and terror ultimately brought down the Republican regime in the South. Efforts by the Ku Klux Klan prevented strong presence of the Republican coalition in the South and a restoration of the Democratic majority. The Klan continued to terrorize black people and ran amok until the Enforcement Acts and subsequent persecutions brought an end to the first Klan. Overall, the blacks suffered greatly during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era. Despite having obtained emancipation, prejudices continued to affect their lives. Although we now know that it did not succeed in driving them out of the country, blacks today continue to face the same prejudices.

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In a book written by Goldscheider Essay Studying the Jewish Future, the author revealed the reasons for the unexpected results, that instead of a vanishing race, the reality is that of a thriving community. And the explanation can be broken down into the following: 1. Conversion – It is surprising to find out that a considerable number of non-Jewish spouse opted to be converted to Judaism. It must be noted though that the said conversion may be formal or informal but true conversion is rather marked by a following community norms and values. 2. Acceptance – the Jewish community is now more open to the idea of intermarriage and this has resulted in a more openness which predictably made it easier for non-Jewish spouse to get exposed to Jewish ways. 3. Deliberate Outreach – the Jewish community and its institutions are forced to reach out to intermarried couples and by doing so encouraged non-Jews to be respect their beliefs and for some a desire to be counted as Jews. Ambivalence There is a dramatic change in perception and outlook that resulted in an improvement in how the Jewish community in general is treating intermarried couples. Still, the Jewish faith would never have reached its current position, a survivor of the Holocaust and many other forms of persecution without creating a defense mechanism that ensured the survival not only of its lineage but also of its beliefs and customs. It is this defense mechanism that made it hard for other to jump on the â€Å"accept the intermarried couples bandwagon† and prevented some to see the possibilities not only in finding a novel way of thriving in a modern society like America but also a novel way of finding new converts. In one extreme, intermarriage is one valid form of proselytizing whose impact is not yet fully measured. But as mentioned earlier, not everyone is convinced that the time has come for the Jews to fully open its house to the Gentiles. Bayme and Rosen provided an example of this ambivalence when they cited the popular Mordecai Kaplan who at one point encouraged intermarriages: Jews must meet all situations that might lead to mixed marriages, not fearfully or grudgingly, but in the spirit of encountering an expected development †¦ With a belief in the integrity and values of his own civilization, the Jewish partner to the marriage cold †¦ make Judaism the civilization of the home†¦ And yet two years later the same person said: Since Jews are a minority and Judaism is exposed to tremendous disintegrative forces from non-Jewish environment †¦ it cannot approve of uncontrolled intermarriage with non-Jews. If however, a non-Jew who desire to marry a Jew, after studying what is involved in being a Jew and what are the principles and practices of Judaism, he should be given every encouragement and should be welcomed into the Jewish community (Kaplan, as qtd. in Bayme Rosen, 1994, p. 268). Conclusion After thousands of years since God has declared them the â€Å"chosen people† the Jews continue to struggle and to find their place in the world. Every generation is pressured to find ways to pass on what they have received from their ancestors to the next generation of Jews. Each time the baton is passed the more it becomes more difficult to continually display integrity, commitment, and consistency. Just like other ancient religions, Judaism is finding it extremely difficult to solve the dilemma of identity and relevance. The present generation can enforce and strengthen their spiritual identity and dig deep into their past to find that old familiar path that will lead them to their ancestors Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Moses. But every time they struggle to keep their ancient traditions and beliefs together they risk losing their relevance to a fast evolving world. This is especially true in America; the world’s most advanced and most powerful nation. As a result the new generation of Jews are abandoning ancient traditions and exchanging it with new ideas. But this is just a part of a bigger problem. What they are most concern about is the marriage of Jews to non-Jews or interfaith marriages. As mentioned in the introduction part of this paper, the Jews can directly trace their lineage to an ancient people, the Israelites, children of Jacob. A long time ago, they co-existed with ancient people groups but they are the only fortunate ones to have survived the passage of time. It can even be argued that they are the only surviving, direct descendants of ancient tribes. This made them a special group. A fact that is not lost in the collective psyche of the Jewish people. This ability to survive against all odds does not come without a price. They have developed a sort of defense mechanisms against the â€Å"melting pot† effect of the world. The world is like one giant sponge of conformity, sucking them in to make them conform to popular trends and standards. The Jewish people, for thousands of years were able to resist that pull. They have their strict diet, their festivals, their rituals, and their traditions that must be strictly followed wherever they are. Whether they are in the midst of prison, or in a land filled with racism they have to remember who they are and by doing all these things they have fought back extinction and remained a distinct people group. The Jewish race also has one major secret weapon and it is the implied rule that they should not marry non-Jews. At first glance it is easy to believe that they perpetuate this rule for the sake of practicality. It would be impossible for an outsider to keep up with their way of life unless one has learned of these things since early childhood. But a close look into this code of conduct reveals a religion that is so exacting that it sees intermarriage as a threat to the continuity of this particular group. For thousands of years they had succeeded in maintaining the status quo. Wherever they went they formed a close knit community of fellow believers that find support and strength from one another. The long history of persecution and anti-Semitism forced them to band close together as one family. It is understandable why for a long time outsiders are reluctant to penetrate their strong defenses so that they can get an idea as to what Judaism is all about. Moreover, anti-Semitism is a serious problem that strongly discourages a potential suitor from risking his life for someone that is as enigmatic as a Jewish girl. Everything went fine until after World War II. It seems that the Holocaust has placed the Jews in the limelight and not to discount also the successes of the Holocaust survivors in the field of finance and business that may well have contributed to their fame in the international stage. Another factor is the settling of Jews in America, first coming in droves as refugees and then finally establishing a place they can call home. In the New World the Jewish community was able to thrive in an environment where anti-Semitism is denounced as something belonging to a bygone era. Then an unexpected thing happened. The lessening of anti-Semitism no doubt changed the way Americans see the Jews. In short Jewish men and women became desirable in the eyes of modern day Gentiles. And since they are in the land of the free, the new generation of Jews can find nothing wrong in interfaith marriages. But for the elders, especially communal leaders have a different perspective. They are perhaps remnants of that era where Jews are considered as the persecuted one in Europe and in many parts of the world. It may have been a difficult notion to entertain for these old folks – that a Jew can finally live with a non-Jew and yet retain its identity and continue practicing their faith. They cannot see the gray area, only the black and white shades that says either one is fully committed Jew, focused on his religious duties or none at all. Moreover, the increasing rate of intermarriages was seen as a black-eye for the Jewish community. They interpret it as a growing weakness in the institution that teaches Jewish beliefs and traditions. It was also interpreted as rebellion towards parents and to their way of life. In modern times, there are researchers like Goldscheider who contends that the elders made a fundamental error in judgment. He argues that the reason for the negative assessment of intermarriage is a wrong perspective. He hastens to say that if the elders and the whole Jewish community can see what intermarriage is doing to the community in general then they will be more open to the idea of intermarriage. Firs of all, intermarriages are means for increasing the number of Jews in America. This is because studies have found a significant percentage of non-Jews willing to learn more about the Judaism, willing to let their children grow up as followers of Judaism and in many instances non-Jews are getting converted formally or informally. Goldscheider warns though that in order for this new trend to be a source of joy for communal leaders and elders they need to have a paradigm shift. They no longer have to limit their idea â€Å"Jewishness† on the basis of birth but they must be willing to accept that a true Jew is not someone with a direct lineage to the ancient people found in the Jewish Bible, but they are people who are in love with Jewish customs and tradition and that they are eager to lead their children in following their lifestyle. For Goldscheider this is what 21st century needs and for him this is what intermarriage brings to the Jewish experience. Works Cited Bayme, Steven. Jewish Arguments and Counterarguments. New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 2002. Bayme, Steven Gladys Rosen. The Jewish Family and Jewish Contiunity. New Jersey: KTAV Publishing, 1994. Goldscheider, Calvin. Are American Jews Vanishing Again? Ed. Put Name of Editor of the book article was taken from. Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication. _____________________. Studying the Jewish Future. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2004. Jewish Bible. Retrieved 13 November 2007 from http://www. breslov. com/bible/Joshua3. htm#3 Shapiro, Edward. A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II. MA: The John Hopkins Press, 1992. Sklare, Marshall. Understanding American Jewry. New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1982.